Wisniewski 等人(2015)对在线风险暴露的概念作出明确界定，将其定义为各种负面在线风险经历的终极体验。由Wisniewski等人编制的在线风险暴露测量工具将负面在线风险经历归类为在线受欺负、在线性引诱、个人信息泄露和不良内容接触四类。若对该概念进行更全面的理解，可将该词汇进行拆分逐一分析。在线(Online)即使互联网设备(如手机或电脑)进行的，包括但不限于浏览网页、使用各种社交媒体与他人交流，发送电子邮件或使用通过网络连接的应用程序。风险(Risk)即潜在的危险，表明其具有一定伤害性，会增加对个体经历负面事件的机会。暴露(Exposure)即与各种潜在风险因素的接触，这种接触可能是无意的（如电脑自动弹出的恶性广告），也可能是有意的（如主动搜索某些可能具有风险性的信息）。

该量表由Wisniewski 等(2015)编制，由16个题目构成（如“你在网上受过伤害或遭到过恶劣对待、网上还遭遇过其它一些让你感到不舒服的性暗示交流、你曾在网上看到过于暴力的文字、图片或视频、有人曾在你不愿意的情况下在网上分享了你的个人信息或照片。”），包含在线受欺负、在线性引诱、不良内容接触、个人信息泄露四个维度。采用李克特5点计分法(1=“没有”，5=“很多”)，总分越高表明在线风险暴露程度越高。总问卷的Cronbach’s α系数为0.90，重测信度为0.57。网络风险暴露与抑郁（r=0.42，P<0.01）、焦虑（r=0.40，P<0.01）、失眠（r=0.39，P<0.01）和网络游戏成瘾（r=0.37，P<0.01）均存在显著正相关。

网络风险暴露量表(Online Risk Exposure Scale，ORES)

Below are some possible experiences that you may have had online during the past 12 months. Please select how often these types of events have occurred. If you haven’t experienced a particular event, select “Not at all.” (Likert Scale: 1 = “Not at all,” 5 = “Almost every day”)

Information Breaches/Information Sharing
• Someone else shared my personal information or a photo of me that I didn’t want him/her to post.
• I shared my personal information or a photo of myself that I later regretted sharing.
• I have been the victim of what I felt was an improper invasion of privacy or misuse of my information in some other way.

Online Harassment/Social Interactions
• I was treated in a hurtful or nasty way online (“Cyberbullied”).
• Someone made rude or mean comments about me or threatened me in some way online.
• Someone tried to spread a mean rumor about me online.
• There are other types of negative and unwanted interaction that hurt my feelings, and made me feel embarrassed, or unsafe.

Sexual Solicitations/ Online Flirtation
• Someone I know sent me a sexual message (“Sexting”).
• Someone I know asked me to send them a sexual message, revealing, or naked photo of myself.
• A stranger asked me to meet them offline.
• There are other types of sexually suggestive interactions that made me feel even a little uncomfortable.

Exposure to Explicit Content/ Online Content
• I saw online stories, images or videos that were pornographic (naked or sexual in nature).
• I saw online stories, images or videos that contained excessive violence.
• I saw online stories, images or videos of illegal or deviant (morally questionable) behavior.
• I saw online content that promoted self-harm (such as eating disorders, cutting, suicide, etc.).
• I saw other online content that made me feel uncomfortable some way.

中文部分不完整

0没有
1较少
2有些
3较多
4很多

1.你在网上受过伤害或遭到过恶劣对待。
3.有人试图在网上散布关于你的卑劣谣言。
5.有人曾在你不愿意的情况下在网上分享了你的个人信息或照片。
7.你曾成为他人在网上侵犯你隐私或滥用你信息的受害者。

参考文献：
Wisniewski, P.; Jia, H.; Wang, N.; Zheng, S.; Xu, H.; Rosson, M.B.; Carroll, J.M. Resilience Mitigates the Negative Effects of Adolescent Internet Addiction and Online Risk Exposure. CHI '15: CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. LOCATION OF CONFERENCE, South KoreaDATE OF CONFERENCE; pp. 4029–4038.
张亚利,靳康悦,安莉娟,等.网络风险暴露量表在中国青少年中的初步应用[J].中国临床心理学杂志,2024,32(6):1383-1387.DOI:10.16128/j.cnki.1005-3611.2024.06.035.
靳康悦.初中生在线风险暴露的测量与应用研究[D].河北师范大学,2025.DOI:10.27110/d.cnki.ghsfu.2025.000614.