Tranquility is also closely related to and commonly co-arises with concentrationand mindfulness in mindfulness practice and in daily life. It has been proposed thatwhen concentration arises in the mind, the one-pointedness of the mind subdues thewavering of the mind, and the mind becomes more and more tranquil and calm.Tranquility, as a condition co-arising with concentration, distinguishes a concentratedmind from an unconcentrated mind. The tranquility that co-arises with concentrationhas been suggested to make one feel very pleasant, thereby further bringing aboutphysiological relaxation, which is by far the most researched effect of meditationin Western literature. In fact, one of the intentions of cultivating concentration is toeffectively calm the mind and introduce tranquility into the mind, as concentration isregarded as the primary way to produce a calm mind.

The 4-item Tranquility Scale was used to measure tranquility on a 6-pointLikert-type scale from 1 (very untrue of me) to 6 (very true of me) for 3 items and from1 (never) to 6 (always) for 1 item. Higher score indicated higher level of tranquility. Itshowed satisfactory internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.75; omega = 0.75) in the present study.

Tranquility Scale

To what extent do you agree with the following description about yourself?

1=very untrue of me
2=untrue of me
3=somewhat untrue of me
4=somewhat true of me
5=true of me
6=very true of me

  1. When I face unpleasant encounter, I cannot calm myself down.（Reversed question.）
  2. I can stabilize my emotion to create a feeling of calmness.
  3. When I face unpredictable future outcomes, I can calm myself down.

How often were you in the following mental state?

1=neever
2=seldom
3=occasionally
4=sometimes
5=often
6=always

  1. I feel calm and at ease.

参考文献：
Chan, R. M., Mak, W. W., & Yu, B. C. (2023). Going beyond mindfulness: How concentration and tranquility commonly co-arising with mindfulness account for mental health. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(8), 5470.